Двусмысленная партисипация: взгляд на соучастие из политической теории
Ключевые слова:
соучастие, партисипация, вовлечение, партисипативный поворот, демократия участия, городское планирование
Аннотация
Чем обосновывается применение соучастия в городских проектах? В поисках нормативных оснований соучастия автор обращается к генеалогии партисипативных идей и практик в городском управлении и прослеживает их эволюцию — от зарождения в середине XX века на Западе до импорта в Россию в 2010-е годы. Автор выявляет две линии аргументации в пользу вовлечения горожан: демократическую и технократическую. Эти два способа обоснования партисипации, будучи по существу противоречащими друг другу, часто смешиваются в двусмысленном понятии соучастия, что порождает путаницу в современных теориях соучастия и трудности на практике, в том числе в вопросах об оценке результатов.
В конце статьи автор предлагает выводы, которые должны помочь совладать с двусмысленностью соучастия как тем, кто работает с партисипативными проектами, так и вовлекаемым горожанам.
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Литература
Акимов П. (2015) Искореняя несправедливость в городе: история адвокативного планирования // Городские исследования и практики. № пилотный. С. 93–102.
Верещагина Е. (2021) Соучаствующее проектирование: особенности подхода в России // Городские исследования и практики. Т. 6. № 2. С. 7–25.
Вовлечение горожан в развитие городской среды: итоги, технологии, перспективы: учебное пособие (2023) / Зеленцова Е. В., Рудой Р. О., Соснин Д. П. и др. Москва: Проектная группа 8.
Даль Р. (1992) Введение в теорию демократии. М.: Наука, СП КВАДРАТ.
Кац Э., Лазарсфельд П. (2024) Личное влияние. Роль людей в потоке массовой информации. М.: Издательство редких книг.
Крауч К. (2010) Постдемократия. М.: Издательский дом ВШЭ.
Санофф Г. (2015) Соучаствующее проектирование. Практики общественного участия в формировании среды больших и малых городов. Вологда: Проектная группа.
Рекомендации по организации общественного участия в реализации проектов комплексного благоустройства городской среды Минстроя РФ (2017) // Минстрой России. Режим доступа: https://minstroyrf.gov.ru/docs/13338/ (дата обращения: 05.04.2023).
Almond G., Verba S. (1963) The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Arnstein S. (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation // Journal of the American Institute of planners. Vol. 35. № 4. P. 216–224.
Arnstein S. (1972) Maximum Feasible Manipulation // Public Administration Review. Special Issue: Citizens Action in Model Cities and CAP Programs. P. 377–390.
Barber B. (1984) Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Berelson R., Lazarsfeld P., McPhee W. (1954) Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Bherer L., Dufour P., Montambeault F. (2018) The Participatory Democracy Turn. N.Y, L.: Routledge.
Baiocchi G., Ganuza E. (2017) Popular Democracy: The Paradox of Participation. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bolan R. (1967) Emerging Views of Planning // Journal of the American Institute of Planners. Vol. 33. № 4. P. 233–245.
Brown W. (2015) Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism's Stealth Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Buchy M., Hoverman S. (2000) Understanding Public Participation in Forest Planning: A Review // Forest policy and Economics. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 15–25.
Burke E. (1968) Citizen Participation Strategies // Journal of the American Institute of Planners. Vol. 34. № 5. P. 287–294.
Cahn E., Cahn J. (1971) Maximum Feasible Participation: A General Overview // Citizen Participation: Effecting Community Change / E. Cahn, A. Passett (eds.). N.Y.: Praeger Publishers.
Cleaver F. (1999) Paradoxes of Participation: Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development // Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association. Vol. 11. № 4. P. 597–612.
Cornwall A. (2008) Unpacking ‘Participation’: Models, Meanings and Practices // Community Development Journal. Vol. 43. № 3. P. 269–283.
Damer S., Hague C. (1971) Public Participation in Planning: A Review // The Town Planning Review. Vol. 42. № 3. P. 217–232.
Davidoff P. (1965) Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning // Journal of the American Institute of planners. Vol. 31. № 4. P. 331–338.
Day D. (1997) Citizen Participation in the Planning Process: An Essentially Contested Concept? // Journal of Planning Literature. Vol. 11. № 3. P. 421–434.
Dore M. (2023) Governing Through Design: The Politics of Participation in Neoliberal Cities // CoDesign. Vol. 19. № 3. P. 253–268.
Etzioni-Halevy E. (1983) Bureaucracy and Democracy: A Political Dilemma. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Fagence M. (1977) Citizen Participation in Planning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Fung A. (2009) Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gans H. (1969) Planning for People, Not Buildings // Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 33–46.
Ganuza E., Baiocchi G., Summers N. (2016) Conflicts and Paradoxes in the Rhetoric of Participation // Journal of Civil Society. Vol. 12. № 3. P. 328–343.
Gara M. (2020) What Kind of Institutional Implementation for Participatory Democracy? Theories and Debate During the Long 1970s in the United States // USAbroad — Journal of American History and Politics. Vol. 3. № 1S. P. 69–79.
Glass J. (1979) Citizen Participation in Planning: The Relationship Between Objectives and Techniques // Journal of the American Planning Association. Vol. 45. № 2. P. 180–189.
Goodman R. (1971) After the Planners. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster.
Hickey S. (2004) Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation. L.: Zed Books.
Hilmer J. (2010) The State of Participatory Democratic Theory // New Political Science. Vol. 32. № 1. P. 43–63.
Howard C., Lipsky M., Marshall D. (1994) Citizen Participation in Urban Politics: Rise and Routinization // Big-city Politics, Governance, and Fiscal Constraints / G. Peterson (ed.). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. P. 153–199.
Hulchanski J. (1977) Citizen Participation in Urban and Regional Planning: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Toronto: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Toronto.
Huxley M. (2013) Historicizing Planning, Problematizing Participation // International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Vol. 37. № 5. P. 1527–1541.
Innes J., Booher D. (2004) Reframing Public Participation: Strategies for the 21st Century // Planning theory & practice. Vol. 5. № 4. P. 419–436.
Jones B. (1990) Neighborhood Planning: A Guide for Citizens and Planners. Chicago: American Planning Association Planner’s Press.
Katz E., Lazarsfeld P. (1955) Personal Influence. New York: Free Press.
Kaufman A. (1960) Human Nature and Participatory Democracy / Friedrich C. (ed.) Responsibility. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1960. P. 266–289.
Kiernan M. (1983) Ideology, Politics, and planning: Reflections on the Theory and Practice of Urban Planning // Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 71–87.
Krumholtz N. (1986) City pPlanning for Greater Equity // Journal of Architectural and Planning Research. Vol. 3. № 4. P. 327–337.
Kornhauser W. (1959) The Politics of Mass Society. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Kühn M. (2021) Agonistic Planning Theory Revisited: The Planner’s Role in Dealing With Conflict // Planning Theory. Vol. 20. № 2. P. 143–156.
Lane M. (2005) Public Participation in Planning: An Intellectual History // Australian Geographer. Vol. 36. № 3. P. 283–299.
Langton S. (1979) American Citizen Participation: A Deep-rooted Tradition // National Civic Review. Vol. 68. № 8. P. 403–422.
Lee C., Michael M., Walker E. (2015) Democratizing Inequalities: Dilemmas of the New Public Participation. N.Y.: NYU Press.
MacNair R., Caldwell R., Pollane L. (1983) Citizen Participants in Public Bureaucracies: Foul-Weather Friends // Administration & Society. Vol. 14. № 4. P. 507–524.
Macpherson C. (1977) The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mansbridge J. (1995) Does Participation Make Better Citizens? // The Good Society. Vol. 5. № 2. P. 1–7.
Mulder M. (1971) Power Equalization Through Participation? // Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 16. № 1. P. 31–38.
A Standard City Planning Enabling Act by the Advisory Committee on City Planning and Zoning Appointed by Secretary Hoover (1928) // GovInfo. Режим доступа: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GOVPUB-C13-955faaa3558a7c44c6a9edbbc01f5cd5 (дата обращения: 22.09.2023).
Neuse S. (1983) From Grass Roots to Citizen Participation // Public Administration Quarterly. Vol. 7. № 3. P. 294–309.
Pateman C. (1970) Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pateman C. (2012) Participatory Democracy Revisited // Perspectives on politics. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 7–19.
Polletta F. (2014) Is Participation Without Power Good Enough? // The Sociological Quarterly. Vol. 55. № 3. P. 453–466.
Polletta F. (2016) Participatory Enthusiasms: A Recent History of Citizen Engagement Initiatives // Journal of Civil Society. Vol. 12. № 3. P. 231–246.
Potter G. (2013) Public Participation in Planning as Urban Citizenship: Contrasting Two Conceptualizations of Citizenship in Toronto’s Ward 20 // Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University. Режим доступа: http://hdl.handle.net/10315/27733 (дата обращения: 22.09.2023).
Rein M. (1969) Social Planning: The Search for Legitimacy // Journal of the American Institute of Planners. Vol. 35. № 4. P. 233–244.
Rittel H. W. J., Webber M. (1973) M. Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning // Policy Sciences. Vol. 4. № 2. P. 155–169.
Romariz Peixoto L., Rectem L., Pouleur J. (2022) A. Citizen Participation in Architecture and Urban Planning Confronted with Arnstein's Ladder // Architecture. Vol. 2. № 1. P. 114–134.
Rosener J. (1982) Making Bureaucrats Responsive: A Study of the Impact of Citizen Participation and Staff Recommendations on Regulatory Decision Making // Public Administration Review. Vol. 42. № 4. P. 339–345.
Ross M. (1958) Case Histories in Community Organization. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Rubin L. (1969) Maximum Feasible Participation: The Origins, Implications, and Present Status // The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 385. № 1. P. 14–29.
Shapely P. (2011) Planning, Housing and Participation in Britain, 1968–1976 // Planning Perspectives. Vol. 26. № 1. P. 75–90.
Spiegel H. (1968) Citizen Participation in Urban Development. Center for Community Affairs, NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science.
Strange J. (1972) The Impact of Citizen Participation on Public Administration // Public Administration Review. Vol. 32. P. 457–470.
Strokosch K., Osborne S. (2020) Debate: If Citizen Participation Is So Important, Why Has It Not Been Achieved? // Public Money & Management. Vol. 40. № 1. P. 8–10.
Swyngedouw E. (2005) Governance Innovation and the Citizen: The Janus Face of Governance-beyond-the-state // Urban Studies. Vol. 42. № 11. P. 1991–2006.
The View from City Hall (1972) // Public Administration Review. Special Issue: Citizens Action in Model Cities and CAP Programs. P. 390–402.
Thorpe A. (2017) Rethinking Participation, Rethinking Planning // Planning Theory & Practice. Vol. 18. № 4. P. 566–582.
White S. (1996) Depoliticising Development: The Uses and Abuses of Participation // Development in Practice. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 6–15.
Zimmerman J. (1972) The Federated City: Community Control in Large Cities. N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press.
Верещагина Е. (2021) Соучаствующее проектирование: особенности подхода в России // Городские исследования и практики. Т. 6. № 2. С. 7–25.
Вовлечение горожан в развитие городской среды: итоги, технологии, перспективы: учебное пособие (2023) / Зеленцова Е. В., Рудой Р. О., Соснин Д. П. и др. Москва: Проектная группа 8.
Даль Р. (1992) Введение в теорию демократии. М.: Наука, СП КВАДРАТ.
Кац Э., Лазарсфельд П. (2024) Личное влияние. Роль людей в потоке массовой информации. М.: Издательство редких книг.
Крауч К. (2010) Постдемократия. М.: Издательский дом ВШЭ.
Санофф Г. (2015) Соучаствующее проектирование. Практики общественного участия в формировании среды больших и малых городов. Вологда: Проектная группа.
Рекомендации по организации общественного участия в реализации проектов комплексного благоустройства городской среды Минстроя РФ (2017) // Минстрой России. Режим доступа: https://minstroyrf.gov.ru/docs/13338/ (дата обращения: 05.04.2023).
Almond G., Verba S. (1963) The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Arnstein S. (1969) A Ladder of Citizen Participation // Journal of the American Institute of planners. Vol. 35. № 4. P. 216–224.
Arnstein S. (1972) Maximum Feasible Manipulation // Public Administration Review. Special Issue: Citizens Action in Model Cities and CAP Programs. P. 377–390.
Barber B. (1984) Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
Berelson R., Lazarsfeld P., McPhee W. (1954) Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Bherer L., Dufour P., Montambeault F. (2018) The Participatory Democracy Turn. N.Y, L.: Routledge.
Baiocchi G., Ganuza E. (2017) Popular Democracy: The Paradox of Participation. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bolan R. (1967) Emerging Views of Planning // Journal of the American Institute of Planners. Vol. 33. № 4. P. 233–245.
Brown W. (2015) Undoing the Demos: Neoliberalism's Stealth Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Buchy M., Hoverman S. (2000) Understanding Public Participation in Forest Planning: A Review // Forest policy and Economics. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 15–25.
Burke E. (1968) Citizen Participation Strategies // Journal of the American Institute of Planners. Vol. 34. № 5. P. 287–294.
Cahn E., Cahn J. (1971) Maximum Feasible Participation: A General Overview // Citizen Participation: Effecting Community Change / E. Cahn, A. Passett (eds.). N.Y.: Praeger Publishers.
Cleaver F. (1999) Paradoxes of Participation: Questioning Participatory Approaches to Development // Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association. Vol. 11. № 4. P. 597–612.
Cornwall A. (2008) Unpacking ‘Participation’: Models, Meanings and Practices // Community Development Journal. Vol. 43. № 3. P. 269–283.
Damer S., Hague C. (1971) Public Participation in Planning: A Review // The Town Planning Review. Vol. 42. № 3. P. 217–232.
Davidoff P. (1965) Advocacy and Pluralism in Planning // Journal of the American Institute of planners. Vol. 31. № 4. P. 331–338.
Day D. (1997) Citizen Participation in the Planning Process: An Essentially Contested Concept? // Journal of Planning Literature. Vol. 11. № 3. P. 421–434.
Dore M. (2023) Governing Through Design: The Politics of Participation in Neoliberal Cities // CoDesign. Vol. 19. № 3. P. 253–268.
Etzioni-Halevy E. (1983) Bureaucracy and Democracy: A Political Dilemma. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Fagence M. (1977) Citizen Participation in Planning. Oxford: Pergamon.
Fung A. (2009) Empowered Participation: Reinventing Urban Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Gans H. (1969) Planning for People, Not Buildings // Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. Vol. 1. № 1. P. 33–46.
Ganuza E., Baiocchi G., Summers N. (2016) Conflicts and Paradoxes in the Rhetoric of Participation // Journal of Civil Society. Vol. 12. № 3. P. 328–343.
Gara M. (2020) What Kind of Institutional Implementation for Participatory Democracy? Theories and Debate During the Long 1970s in the United States // USAbroad — Journal of American History and Politics. Vol. 3. № 1S. P. 69–79.
Glass J. (1979) Citizen Participation in Planning: The Relationship Between Objectives and Techniques // Journal of the American Planning Association. Vol. 45. № 2. P. 180–189.
Goodman R. (1971) After the Planners. N.Y.: Simon & Schuster.
Hickey S. (2004) Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation. L.: Zed Books.
Hilmer J. (2010) The State of Participatory Democratic Theory // New Political Science. Vol. 32. № 1. P. 43–63.
Howard C., Lipsky M., Marshall D. (1994) Citizen Participation in Urban Politics: Rise and Routinization // Big-city Politics, Governance, and Fiscal Constraints / G. Peterson (ed.). Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press. P. 153–199.
Hulchanski J. (1977) Citizen Participation in Urban and Regional Planning: A Comprehensive Bibliography. Toronto: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Toronto.
Huxley M. (2013) Historicizing Planning, Problematizing Participation // International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Vol. 37. № 5. P. 1527–1541.
Innes J., Booher D. (2004) Reframing Public Participation: Strategies for the 21st Century // Planning theory & practice. Vol. 5. № 4. P. 419–436.
Jones B. (1990) Neighborhood Planning: A Guide for Citizens and Planners. Chicago: American Planning Association Planner’s Press.
Katz E., Lazarsfeld P. (1955) Personal Influence. New York: Free Press.
Kaufman A. (1960) Human Nature and Participatory Democracy / Friedrich C. (ed.) Responsibility. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1960. P. 266–289.
Kiernan M. (1983) Ideology, Politics, and planning: Reflections on the Theory and Practice of Urban Planning // Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 71–87.
Krumholtz N. (1986) City pPlanning for Greater Equity // Journal of Architectural and Planning Research. Vol. 3. № 4. P. 327–337.
Kornhauser W. (1959) The Politics of Mass Society. Glencoe, IL: The Free Press.
Kühn M. (2021) Agonistic Planning Theory Revisited: The Planner’s Role in Dealing With Conflict // Planning Theory. Vol. 20. № 2. P. 143–156.
Lane M. (2005) Public Participation in Planning: An Intellectual History // Australian Geographer. Vol. 36. № 3. P. 283–299.
Langton S. (1979) American Citizen Participation: A Deep-rooted Tradition // National Civic Review. Vol. 68. № 8. P. 403–422.
Lee C., Michael M., Walker E. (2015) Democratizing Inequalities: Dilemmas of the New Public Participation. N.Y.: NYU Press.
MacNair R., Caldwell R., Pollane L. (1983) Citizen Participants in Public Bureaucracies: Foul-Weather Friends // Administration & Society. Vol. 14. № 4. P. 507–524.
Macpherson C. (1977) The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mansbridge J. (1995) Does Participation Make Better Citizens? // The Good Society. Vol. 5. № 2. P. 1–7.
Mulder M. (1971) Power Equalization Through Participation? // Administrative Science Quarterly. Vol. 16. № 1. P. 31–38.
A Standard City Planning Enabling Act by the Advisory Committee on City Planning and Zoning Appointed by Secretary Hoover (1928) // GovInfo. Режим доступа: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GOVPUB-C13-955faaa3558a7c44c6a9edbbc01f5cd5 (дата обращения: 22.09.2023).
Neuse S. (1983) From Grass Roots to Citizen Participation // Public Administration Quarterly. Vol. 7. № 3. P. 294–309.
Pateman C. (1970) Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pateman C. (2012) Participatory Democracy Revisited // Perspectives on politics. Vol. 10. № 1. P. 7–19.
Polletta F. (2014) Is Participation Without Power Good Enough? // The Sociological Quarterly. Vol. 55. № 3. P. 453–466.
Polletta F. (2016) Participatory Enthusiasms: A Recent History of Citizen Engagement Initiatives // Journal of Civil Society. Vol. 12. № 3. P. 231–246.
Potter G. (2013) Public Participation in Planning as Urban Citizenship: Contrasting Two Conceptualizations of Citizenship in Toronto’s Ward 20 // Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University. Режим доступа: http://hdl.handle.net/10315/27733 (дата обращения: 22.09.2023).
Rein M. (1969) Social Planning: The Search for Legitimacy // Journal of the American Institute of Planners. Vol. 35. № 4. P. 233–244.
Rittel H. W. J., Webber M. (1973) M. Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning // Policy Sciences. Vol. 4. № 2. P. 155–169.
Romariz Peixoto L., Rectem L., Pouleur J. (2022) A. Citizen Participation in Architecture and Urban Planning Confronted with Arnstein's Ladder // Architecture. Vol. 2. № 1. P. 114–134.
Rosener J. (1982) Making Bureaucrats Responsive: A Study of the Impact of Citizen Participation and Staff Recommendations on Regulatory Decision Making // Public Administration Review. Vol. 42. № 4. P. 339–345.
Ross M. (1958) Case Histories in Community Organization. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Rubin L. (1969) Maximum Feasible Participation: The Origins, Implications, and Present Status // The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Vol. 385. № 1. P. 14–29.
Shapely P. (2011) Planning, Housing and Participation in Britain, 1968–1976 // Planning Perspectives. Vol. 26. № 1. P. 75–90.
Spiegel H. (1968) Citizen Participation in Urban Development. Center for Community Affairs, NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science.
Strange J. (1972) The Impact of Citizen Participation on Public Administration // Public Administration Review. Vol. 32. P. 457–470.
Strokosch K., Osborne S. (2020) Debate: If Citizen Participation Is So Important, Why Has It Not Been Achieved? // Public Money & Management. Vol. 40. № 1. P. 8–10.
Swyngedouw E. (2005) Governance Innovation and the Citizen: The Janus Face of Governance-beyond-the-state // Urban Studies. Vol. 42. № 11. P. 1991–2006.
The View from City Hall (1972) // Public Administration Review. Special Issue: Citizens Action in Model Cities and CAP Programs. P. 390–402.
Thorpe A. (2017) Rethinking Participation, Rethinking Planning // Planning Theory & Practice. Vol. 18. № 4. P. 566–582.
White S. (1996) Depoliticising Development: The Uses and Abuses of Participation // Development in Practice. Vol. 6. № 1. P. 6–15.
Zimmerman J. (1972) The Federated City: Community Control in Large Cities. N.Y.: St. Martin’s Press.
Опубликован
2025-03-31
Как цитировать
ЗамятинА. (2025). Двусмысленная партисипация: взгляд на соучастие из политической теории. Городские исследования и практики, 10(1), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.17323/usp10120256-20
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Articles
