Критерии определения малых городов в странах БРИКС
Ключевые слова:
малые города, урбанизация, БРИКС, критерии классификации городов
Аннотация
В современных условиях глобального тренда роста урбанизированности территорий малые города играют ключевую роль в обеспечении сбалансированного пространственного развития, являясь связующим звеном между сельскими районами и городскими агломерациями. Страны БРИКС, объединяющие почти половину мирового населения и значительную долю мирового ВВП, активно работают над городским развитием.
Во многих из них отдельное внимание уделяется развитию малых городов. Статья посвящена определению критериев малых городов, выделяемых в странах БРИКС. Основой методологии исследования является анализ официальных документов (планов, стратегий развития, статистических отчетов, нормативных и правовых актов) и научных публикаций. Результаты показывают, что основным критерием для отнесения города к малому в странах БРИКС является численность его населения. При этом пороговые значения этого критерия значительно варьируются в разных странах БРИКС: от 10 тыс. человек в Египте до 500 тыс. в Китае. В Индонезии и ряде других стран в критериальности малых городов акцент смещен с численности населения на определяемую социальноэкономическую значимость населенного пункта. Результаты анализа динамики количества малых городов, их пространственного распределения и численности населения демонстрируют, что, несмотря на то что малые города зачастую количественно преобладают в структуре городов стран БРИКС, доля их населения сокращается вследствие миграции в крупные агломерации. При этом для России, где малые города играют важную роль в организации сельских районов и пригородных зон, зарубежный опыт стран БРИКС может быть полезен для разработки собственных инструментов их поддержки.
Скачивания
Данные скачивания пока не доступны.
Литература
Злотников, М. С., Волошин, А. В., Александров, Ю. Л., и Фалалеев, А. Н. (2024). Глобальная трансформация мировой экономики: формирование многополярного мира в условиях экономической интеграции и технологического суверенитета. Экономика: вчера, сегодня, завтра, 14(10А), 9–17.
Правительство Российской Федерации. (2024). Распоряжение Правительства РФ от 28.12.2024 № 4146-р «Об утверждении Стратегии пространственного развития Российской Федерации на период до 2030 года с прогнозом до 2036 года». Режим доступа: http://static.government.ru/media/files/ttXJCZ4PNa7bmTrRgcuPwoIQA8SYR91B.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Addanki, S. C., & Venkataraman, H. (2017). Greening the economy: A review of urban sustainability measures for developing new cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 1–8.
Arndt, C., Davies, R., & Thurlow, J. (2018). Urbanization, structural transformation, and rural-urban linkages in South Africa. South African Urbanisation Review, Cities Support Programme (CSP) of the National Treasury, 35(1), 1–24.
Asghar Pilehvar, A. (2021). Spatial-geographical analysis of urbanization in Iran. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1–12.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2025). Monthly report of socio-economic data, February 2025. Режим доступа: https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2025/03/26/0928e56dda8054e2f50f85d4/monthly-report-of-socio-economic-data-february-2025.html (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
BRICS. (2024). BRICS Joint Statistical Publication 2024. Режим доступа: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/BRICS%20Joint%20Statistical%20Publication2024.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). (n.d.). Режим доступа: https://www.capmas.gov.eg (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia. (n.d.). Режим доступа: https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE). (2020). Planning for the nation's population expansion. Режим доступа: https://cde.org.za/planning-for-the-nations-population-expansion/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Chaolin, G., Yan, L., & Sun Sheng, H. (2015). Development and transition of small towns in rural China. Habitat International, 50, 110–119.
Corrêa, R. L. (2011). As pequenas cidades na confluência do urbano e do rural. GEOUSP Espaço e Tempo (Online), 15(3), 5–12.
Da Silva, P. F. J., & Sposito, E. S. (2009). Discussão geográfica sobre cidades pequenas. Geografia, 34(2), 203–217.
De Castro, C. P., et al. (2020). Socio-economic urban scaling properties: Influence of regional geographic heterogeneities in Brazil. PLoS One, 15(12), e0242778.
Dias, F. M. F. (2020). Pequenas cidades: uma discussão quanto ao aspecto populacional. Geografia e Pesquisa, 12(1).
Dubai FAQs. (n.d.). List of cities in the UAE. Режим доступа: https://www.dubaifaqs.com/list-of-cities-uae.php (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Elessawy, F. M. (2021). The abnormal population growth and urban sprawl of an Arabian Gulf City: The case of Abu Dhabi City. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 245–269.
El Ghorab, H. K., & Shalaby, H. A. (2016). Eco and Green cities as new approaches for planning and developing cities in Egypt. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 55(1), 495–503.
Fahmi, F. Z., et al. (2014). Extended urbanization in small and medium-sized cities: The case of Cirebon, Indonesia. Habitat International, 42, 1–10.
Fang, C., & Yu, D. (2016). China's new urbanization. Springer.
Firman, T. (2009). The continuity and change in mega-urbanization in Indonesia: A survey of Jakarta–Bandung Region (JBR) development. Habitat International, 33(4), 327–339.
Firman, T., Kombaitan, B., & Pradono, P. (2007). The dynamics of Indonesia's urbanisation, 1980–2006. Urban Policy and Research, 25(4), 433–454.
Guin, D. (2019). Contemporary perspectives of small towns in India: A review. Habitat International, 86, 19–27.
Hamid, M. S., & Abdel Wahab, S. A. (2023). Rehabilitation approach for small cities in Egypt. International Design Journal, 13(1), 221–232.
Hegazy, I., Seddik, W., & Ibrahim, H. (2017). Towards green cities in developing countries: Egyptian new cities as a case study. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 12(4), 358–368.
Hoogendoorn, G., & Nel, E. (2018). Small town change in South Africa. В G. Hoogendoorn & E. Nel (Ред.), The geography of South Africa: Contemporary changes and new directions (с. 153–158). Springer International Publishing.
Hoogendoorn, G., & Visser, G. (2016). South Africa's small towns: A review on recent research. Local Economy, 31(1–2), 95–108.
IndiaSpend. (2019). India's missing middle: 24,000 'villages' with populations greater than towns lose out on policies for urban areas. Режим доступа: https://www.indiaspend.com/indias-missing-middle-24000-villages-with-populations-greater-than-towns-lose-out-on-policies-for-urban-areas (дата обращения: 28.05.2025).
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). (n.d.). Censo Demográfico. Режим доступа: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao.html (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Kazemipour, S., & Mirzaie, M. (2005). Uneven growth of urbanization in Iran. Режим доступа: https://ipc2005.popconf.org/papers/51663 (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Kundu, A. (2011). Trends and processes of urbanisation in India. Режим доступа: https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10597IIED.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Leão, C. S. (2010). Reflexões sobre o desenvolvimento e as pequenas cidades: análise das cidades de Dracena e Ouro Verde-SP. Caderno prudente de geografia, 32, 135–153.
Mahmoud, A. H. A., & El-Sayed, M. A. (2011). Development of sustainable urban green areas in Egyptian new cities: The case of El-Sadat City. Landscape and Urban Planning, 101(2), 157–170.
Mardiansjah, F. H., Rahayu, P., & Rukmana, D. (2021). New patterns of urbanization in Indonesia: Emergence of non-statutory towns and new extended urban regions. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 12(1), 11–26.
Mehriar, M., Masoumi, H., & Mohino, I. (2020). Urban sprawl, socioeconomic features, and travel patterns in middle east countries: A case study in Iran. Sustainability, 12(22), 9620.
Mohammed, I., Kosa, A., & Juhar, N. (2020). Economic linkage between urban development and livelihood of peri-urban farming communities in Ethiopia (policies and practices). Agricultural and Food Economics, 8, 1–17.
National Treasury of the Republic of South Africa. (2018). Urbanisation, structural transformation and rural-urban linkages in South Africa. Cities Support Programme.
Nijman, J. (2012). India's urban challenge. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 53(1), 7–20.
NITI Aayog. (2022). Cities as engines of growth. Режим доступа: https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/202205/Mod_CEOG_Executive_Summary_18052022.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. (n.d.). Census of India. Режим доступа: https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Plecher, H. (2020). Urbanization in South Africa 2019. Statista. Режим доступа: https://www.statista.com/statistics/455931/urbanization-in-south-africa/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Rezvani, M. R., & Mansourian, H. (2013). Developing small cities by promoting village to town and its effects on quality of life for the local residents. Social Indicators Research, 110, 147–170.
Riad, P., et al. (2020). Landscape transformation processes in two large and two small cities in Egypt and Jordan over the last five decades using remote sensing data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 197, 103766.
Shaalan, I. (2013). Sustainable urban transformation in small cities in Egypt: A UN-habitat perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 200–204.
Song, Y., Stead, D., & de Jong, M. (2020). New town development and sustainable transition under urban entrepreneurialism in China. Sustainability, 12(12), 5179.
South African Government. (2025). Local government. Режим доступа: https://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/local-government (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
South African Local Government Association (SALGA). (2021). Small towns regeneration programme (STR). Режим доступа: https://static.pmg.org.za/210224amSALGA_STR_PRESENTATION_2_00000002.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Statistical Centre of Iran. (n.d.). Режим доступа: https://www.amar.org.ir/en/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Talebzadeh, M. (2012). Ma'ni va mafhum shahr-e kuchak [Meaning and concept of the small city]. Режим доступа: https://mirheydartalebzadeh.blogfa.com/post/22 (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
The State Council of the People's Republic of China. (2014). Notice of the State Council on adjusting the standards for city size classification. Режим доступа: https://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latest_releases/2014/11/25/content_281475015213546.html (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
The World Bank. (n.d.). GDP (current US$). Режим доступа: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Tripathi, S. (2021). Towards sustainable urban system through the development of small towns in India. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 13(3), 777–798.
Tripathi, S., & Mitra, A. (2022). Shedding light on unnoticed gems in India: A small town's growth perspective. Land Use Policy, 120.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2024). World population prospects 2024. Режим доступа: https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/world-population-prospects-2024 (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Urban Policy Platform. (2015). National urban policy and smart city strategy in I.R. Iran. Режим доступа: https://urbanpolicyplatform.org/download/national-urban-policy-and-smart-city-strategy-document-final-version/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Vandercasteelen, J., et al. (2018a). Big cities, small towns, and poor farmers: Evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 106, 393–406.
Vandercasteelen, J., et al. (2018b). Cities and agricultural transformation in Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 105, 383–399.
World Population Review. (2025). United Arab Emirates cities. Режим доступа: https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/united-arab-emirates (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Правительство Российской Федерации. (2024). Распоряжение Правительства РФ от 28.12.2024 № 4146-р «Об утверждении Стратегии пространственного развития Российской Федерации на период до 2030 года с прогнозом до 2036 года». Режим доступа: http://static.government.ru/media/files/ttXJCZ4PNa7bmTrRgcuPwoIQA8SYR91B.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Addanki, S. C., & Venkataraman, H. (2017). Greening the economy: A review of urban sustainability measures for developing new cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 1–8.
Arndt, C., Davies, R., & Thurlow, J. (2018). Urbanization, structural transformation, and rural-urban linkages in South Africa. South African Urbanisation Review, Cities Support Programme (CSP) of the National Treasury, 35(1), 1–24.
Asghar Pilehvar, A. (2021). Spatial-geographical analysis of urbanization in Iran. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), 1–12.
Badan Pusat Statistik. (2025). Monthly report of socio-economic data, February 2025. Режим доступа: https://www.bps.go.id/en/publication/2025/03/26/0928e56dda8054e2f50f85d4/monthly-report-of-socio-economic-data-february-2025.html (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
BRICS. (2024). BRICS Joint Statistical Publication 2024. Режим доступа: https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/BRICS%20Joint%20Statistical%20Publication2024.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS). (n.d.). Режим доступа: https://www.capmas.gov.eg (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia. (n.d.). Режим доступа: https://www.statsethiopia.gov.et (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Centre for Development and Enterprise (CDE). (2020). Planning for the nation's population expansion. Режим доступа: https://cde.org.za/planning-for-the-nations-population-expansion/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Chaolin, G., Yan, L., & Sun Sheng, H. (2015). Development and transition of small towns in rural China. Habitat International, 50, 110–119.
Corrêa, R. L. (2011). As pequenas cidades na confluência do urbano e do rural. GEOUSP Espaço e Tempo (Online), 15(3), 5–12.
Da Silva, P. F. J., & Sposito, E. S. (2009). Discussão geográfica sobre cidades pequenas. Geografia, 34(2), 203–217.
De Castro, C. P., et al. (2020). Socio-economic urban scaling properties: Influence of regional geographic heterogeneities in Brazil. PLoS One, 15(12), e0242778.
Dias, F. M. F. (2020). Pequenas cidades: uma discussão quanto ao aspecto populacional. Geografia e Pesquisa, 12(1).
Dubai FAQs. (n.d.). List of cities in the UAE. Режим доступа: https://www.dubaifaqs.com/list-of-cities-uae.php (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Elessawy, F. M. (2021). The abnormal population growth and urban sprawl of an Arabian Gulf City: The case of Abu Dhabi City. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 9, 245–269.
El Ghorab, H. K., & Shalaby, H. A. (2016). Eco and Green cities as new approaches for planning and developing cities in Egypt. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 55(1), 495–503.
Fahmi, F. Z., et al. (2014). Extended urbanization in small and medium-sized cities: The case of Cirebon, Indonesia. Habitat International, 42, 1–10.
Fang, C., & Yu, D. (2016). China's new urbanization. Springer.
Firman, T. (2009). The continuity and change in mega-urbanization in Indonesia: A survey of Jakarta–Bandung Region (JBR) development. Habitat International, 33(4), 327–339.
Firman, T., Kombaitan, B., & Pradono, P. (2007). The dynamics of Indonesia's urbanisation, 1980–2006. Urban Policy and Research, 25(4), 433–454.
Guin, D. (2019). Contemporary perspectives of small towns in India: A review. Habitat International, 86, 19–27.
Hamid, M. S., & Abdel Wahab, S. A. (2023). Rehabilitation approach for small cities in Egypt. International Design Journal, 13(1), 221–232.
Hegazy, I., Seddik, W., & Ibrahim, H. (2017). Towards green cities in developing countries: Egyptian new cities as a case study. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 12(4), 358–368.
Hoogendoorn, G., & Nel, E. (2018). Small town change in South Africa. В G. Hoogendoorn & E. Nel (Ред.), The geography of South Africa: Contemporary changes and new directions (с. 153–158). Springer International Publishing.
Hoogendoorn, G., & Visser, G. (2016). South Africa's small towns: A review on recent research. Local Economy, 31(1–2), 95–108.
IndiaSpend. (2019). India's missing middle: 24,000 'villages' with populations greater than towns lose out on policies for urban areas. Режим доступа: https://www.indiaspend.com/indias-missing-middle-24000-villages-with-populations-greater-than-towns-lose-out-on-policies-for-urban-areas (дата обращения: 28.05.2025).
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). (n.d.). Censo Demográfico. Режим доступа: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/populacao.html (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Kazemipour, S., & Mirzaie, M. (2005). Uneven growth of urbanization in Iran. Режим доступа: https://ipc2005.popconf.org/papers/51663 (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Kundu, A. (2011). Trends and processes of urbanisation in India. Режим доступа: https://www.iied.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/migrate/10597IIED.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Leão, C. S. (2010). Reflexões sobre o desenvolvimento e as pequenas cidades: análise das cidades de Dracena e Ouro Verde-SP. Caderno prudente de geografia, 32, 135–153.
Mahmoud, A. H. A., & El-Sayed, M. A. (2011). Development of sustainable urban green areas in Egyptian new cities: The case of El-Sadat City. Landscape and Urban Planning, 101(2), 157–170.
Mardiansjah, F. H., Rahayu, P., & Rukmana, D. (2021). New patterns of urbanization in Indonesia: Emergence of non-statutory towns and new extended urban regions. Environment and Urbanization ASIA, 12(1), 11–26.
Mehriar, M., Masoumi, H., & Mohino, I. (2020). Urban sprawl, socioeconomic features, and travel patterns in middle east countries: A case study in Iran. Sustainability, 12(22), 9620.
Mohammed, I., Kosa, A., & Juhar, N. (2020). Economic linkage between urban development and livelihood of peri-urban farming communities in Ethiopia (policies and practices). Agricultural and Food Economics, 8, 1–17.
National Treasury of the Republic of South Africa. (2018). Urbanisation, structural transformation and rural-urban linkages in South Africa. Cities Support Programme.
Nijman, J. (2012). India's urban challenge. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 53(1), 7–20.
NITI Aayog. (2022). Cities as engines of growth. Режим доступа: https://www.niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/202205/Mod_CEOG_Executive_Summary_18052022.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. (n.d.). Census of India. Режим доступа: https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Plecher, H. (2020). Urbanization in South Africa 2019. Statista. Режим доступа: https://www.statista.com/statistics/455931/urbanization-in-south-africa/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Rezvani, M. R., & Mansourian, H. (2013). Developing small cities by promoting village to town and its effects on quality of life for the local residents. Social Indicators Research, 110, 147–170.
Riad, P., et al. (2020). Landscape transformation processes in two large and two small cities in Egypt and Jordan over the last five decades using remote sensing data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 197, 103766.
Shaalan, I. (2013). Sustainable urban transformation in small cities in Egypt: A UN-habitat perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production, 50, 200–204.
Song, Y., Stead, D., & de Jong, M. (2020). New town development and sustainable transition under urban entrepreneurialism in China. Sustainability, 12(12), 5179.
South African Government. (2025). Local government. Режим доступа: https://www.gov.za/about-government/government-system/local-government (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
South African Local Government Association (SALGA). (2021). Small towns regeneration programme (STR). Режим доступа: https://static.pmg.org.za/210224amSALGA_STR_PRESENTATION_2_00000002.pdf (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Statistical Centre of Iran. (n.d.). Режим доступа: https://www.amar.org.ir/en/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Talebzadeh, M. (2012). Ma'ni va mafhum shahr-e kuchak [Meaning and concept of the small city]. Режим доступа: https://mirheydartalebzadeh.blogfa.com/post/22 (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
The State Council of the People's Republic of China. (2014). Notice of the State Council on adjusting the standards for city size classification. Режим доступа: https://english.www.gov.cn/policies/latest_releases/2014/11/25/content_281475015213546.html (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
The World Bank. (n.d.). GDP (current US$). Режим доступа: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Tripathi, S. (2021). Towards sustainable urban system through the development of small towns in India. Regional Science Policy & Practice, 13(3), 777–798.
Tripathi, S., & Mitra, A. (2022). Shedding light on unnoticed gems in India: A small town's growth perspective. Land Use Policy, 120.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. (2024). World population prospects 2024. Режим доступа: https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/world-population-prospects-2024 (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Urban Policy Platform. (2015). National urban policy and smart city strategy in I.R. Iran. Режим доступа: https://urbanpolicyplatform.org/download/national-urban-policy-and-smart-city-strategy-document-final-version/ (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Vandercasteelen, J., et al. (2018a). Big cities, small towns, and poor farmers: Evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 106, 393–406.
Vandercasteelen, J., et al. (2018b). Cities and agricultural transformation in Africa: Evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 105, 383–399.
World Population Review. (2025). United Arab Emirates cities. Режим доступа: https://worldpopulationreview.com/cities/united-arab-emirates (дата обращения: 20.05.2025).
Опубликован
2026-04-20
Как цитировать
МолодцоваВ. А., МокренскийД. Н., АрцыбашеваК. В., & АшурковаМ. О. (2026). Критерии определения малых городов в странах БРИКС. Городские исследования и практики, 11(1), 10-29. https://doi.org/10.17323/usp111202610-29
Раздел
Articles
