Сравнение стратегий политического вмешательства в неформальные поселения городов Глобального Юга
Аннотация
Неформальную урбанизацию, особенно характерную для быстро растущих городов Глобального Юга, нередко считают некой «болезнью» на теле городов, с которой нужно бороться. Однако стратегии вмешательства в неформальные поселения редко приводят к улучшению жизни в них. В данном исследовании рассмотрены последствия политического вмешательства в устройство неформальных поселений в городах Глобального Юга (Мехико, Сан-Паулу, Богота, Бангкок, Мумбаи, Каир, Найроби) и оценена их стратегическая успешность. Первостепенное значение имеют не столько институциональные возможности городов (наличие полномочий у муниципалитета, закрепление в Конституции обязательств), сколько экономические ресурсы (наличие местных бюджетов). При работе с неформальными поселениями наиболее эффективен местный уровень решения проблемы, на котором физические изменения следуют после социально-экономических. Без предварительного диалога с местными жителями изменения в физическом пространстве трущоб и неформальных поселений часто воспринимаются населением враждебно. Опыт городов Глобального Юга показывает, что политика, направленная на развитие социального капитала (библиотеки, школы, университеты в трущобах), оказывается более успешной. Институциональные политики — легализация, переписи, зонирование — сами по себе не результативны. Залогом успеха решения проблемы неформальных поселений являются комплексность стратегий интервенции, их одновременность и связанность между собой. Фрагментарные политики любого уровня не будут эффективно работать, а, наоборот, могут лишь увеличить недоверие жителей неформальных поселений. Партисипаторное проектирование, вовлечение людей в процессы благоустройства являются перспективными практиками, но это, прежде всего, точечные инструменты, которые также не могут быть в полной мере эффективными без сопутствующих изменений на институциональном уровне.
Скачивания
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