The Comfortable City Model: Researching Russian Urban Planning and Design Through Policy Mobilities
Abstract
Drawing on the scholarship of policy mobility and center-periphery relations, this article sheds light on the evolution of Russian urban planning and design since the new millennium and critically discusses recent trends. We do so through the lens of planning ideas and their circulation. In particular, the paper reconstructs how the comfortable city model emerged and unfolded in Russian urban planning and design. We identify three phases: the model’s emergence within the professional community in the early 2000s, its consolidation in the 2010s, and its recent rise into the epitome of contemporary Russian city making. The paper finds that over the last two decades the centers of innovations in the field of urban planning and design have shifted. While mainly the regional capitals and other large and medium-sized Russian cities provided important stimuli in the beginning of the new millennium, contemporary urban planning and design is marked by attempts to spread many of Moscow’s best practices throughout the country. Such attempts are enforced, inter alia, through federal programs and national modernization projects, educational initiatives, and the spread of the capital’s expertise and experts to the regions. The resulting reshuffling of center-periphery relations is marked by the recentralization of knowledge, expertise, and professional resources and by further peripheralization through the undermining of local autonomy, expertise, innovation, and knowledge.
Downloads
References
Афоничкин А. (2012) Человечные города//Проект Россия. Т. 64. № 2. С. 42.
Архсовет Москвы (2015) Презентация «Положения стандарта № 305-ПП». Режим доступа: https://archsovet.msk.ru/presscenter/polozheniya-standarta-305-pp (дата обращения: 29.05.2019).
Голдхоорн Б. (2007) В Москве нет концепции городского пространства//Проект Россия. Т. 43. № 1. С. 14–16.
Гунько М., Батунова Е. (2019a) Стратегия фонтанов и детских площадок. Часть 1. Режим доступа: https://republic.ru/posts/95305 (дата обращения: 29.05.2019).
Гунько М., Батунова Е. (2019b) Стратегия фонтанов и детских площадок. Часть 2. Режим доступа: https://republic.ru/posts/95329 (дата обращения: 29.05.2019).
Гунько М., Пивова Р. Г., Аверкиева К. (2019) Ревитализация в малых городах Европейской России (на примере Боровичей, Выксы и Ростова) //Известия РАН. Серия географическая. № 5. С. 18–31.
Гунько М., Еременко Ю., Батунова Е. (2020) Стратегии поанирования в условиях городского сжатия в Рос-
сии: исследование малых и средних городов//Мир России: Социология, этнология. Т. 29. Nº 3.С. 121-141.
Залкинд Л., Торопушина Е. (2009) Жилищная политика России. Северное измерение. Апатиты: Кольского научного центра РАН.
Зубаренко Н.В., Сафронов С.Г. (2013) Неравенство социально-экономического развития регионов и городов России 2000-х годов: рост или снижение? // Общественные науки и современность. № 6. С. 15–26.
Квартал (2018) Правила, которые изменят жизнь к лучшему // Квартал. Как привлечь деньги в город. С. 5–28. Режим доступа: https://media.streika-kb.com/#!/tab/84488506-3 (дата обращения: 29.05.2019).
Не жить на выселках: как Путин поручил преобразить российские города (2019) // Газета. Режим доступа: https://www.gazeta.ru/business/2019/02/18/12192823.shtml (дата обращения: 16.09.2019).
Нилина Н. (2013) Стратегический мастер-план города Перми как зеркало градостроительной деятельности в России. Режим доступа: http://www.archi.ru/russia/48274/strategicheskii-master-plan-goroda-Permi-kak-zerkalo-gradostroitelnoi-deyatelnosti-v-rossii (дата обращения: 08.09.2012).
Пашинцева Т. (2007) Первые опыты национального проекта // Проект России. Т. 45 № 3. С. 198–201.
Петрова Е. (2018) Новые архитекторы: кто будет развивать города России // Газета. Режим доступа: https://m.gazeta.ru/social/2018/10/17/12025333.shtml?fbclid=IwAR25vZINStqA52wmxq-92DZ1C_XKMHFvgzF5hYmZJ2qiqQhvGxU6D_-iVw (дата обращения: 23.10.2018).
Правительство Москвы (2014) Программа развития Москвы «Москва – город, удобный для жизни». Режим доступа: http://s.mos.ru/common/upload/M2025.pdf (дата обращения: 25.08.2015).
Правительство Российской Федерации (2019) Стратегия пространственного развития Российской Федерации на период до 2025 года. Режим доступа: http://static.government.ru/media/files/UVAlqUtT08060RktOXX12JjAe7irNxc.pdf (дата обращения: 25.03.2020).
Приоритетный проект «Формирование комфортной городской среды» (2017). Режим доступа: http://www.minstroyrf.ru/trades/gorodskaya-sreda/strategicheskoe-napravlenie-razvitiya-zhkkh-i-gorodskaya-sreda/ (дата обращения: 25.03.2020).
ПР – Проект Россия (2006) Человек с осмысленным лицом. Круглый стол о месте архитектора в современной России // Проект России. Т. 40. № 2. С. 149–152.
Стрелка КБ (2016) Сводный стандарт благоустройства улиц Москвы. Режим доступа: https://www.mos.ru/upload/newsfeed/newsfeed/160927_book_standart_small_final.pdf (дата обращения: 25.03.2020).
Суворова Н., Мудрый С. (2017) Исследование: как устроен бизнес «Стрелки». Режим доступа: https://incrussia.ru/fly/issledovanie-kak-ustro-en-biznes-strelki/ (дата обращения: 29.05.2019).
Badyina A., Golubchikov O. (2005) Gentrifcation in Central Moscow – A Market Process or a Deliberate Policy? // Geografiska annaler. Vol. 87. Vol. 2. P. 113–129.
Batumova E., Gunko M. (2018) Urban Shrinkage: An Unspoken Challenge of Spatial Planning in Russian Small and Medium-Sized Cities // European Planning Studies. Vol. 26. No. 8. P. 1580–1597.
Bazhenova E.S., Kostina E.G. (2002) Low-Rise Housing – Myth and Reality // Project Russia. Vol. 25. P. 53–56.
Belov A. (2002) New Standards // Project Russia. Vol. 77. No. 3. P. 57.
Bokova A. (2009) Shaping the Urban Fabric: The Future of Residential Unit // Project Russia. Vol. 52. No. 2. P. 68–79.
Bokov A. (2010) The New Pragmatism and the Old City // Project Russia. Vol. 57. No. 3. P. 108–109.
Brade I. (2002) Der Wandel der Russischen Städte in Den 1990er Jahren. Einführungen zum thema // Die Städte Russlands im Wandel. Raumstrukturelle Veränderungen am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts / Brade I. (Hrsg.). Leipzig: Institut für Länderkunde. P. 12–19.
Brade I., Rudolph R. (2004) Moscow, the Global City? The Position of the Russian Capital within the European System of Metropolitan Areas // Area. Vol. 36. No. 1. P. 69–80.
Bildenbender M., Zupan D. (2017) The Evolution of Neoliberal Urbanism in Moscow, 1992–2015 // Antipode. Vol. 49. No. 2. P. 294–313.
Chirkunov O. (2010) Interview With Oleg Chirkunov: "In a City there Should be Life" // Project Russia. Vol. 56. No. 2. P. 60–62.
Copus A.K. (2001) From Core-Periphery to Polycentric Development: Concepts of Spatial and Aspatial Peripherality // European Planning Studies. Vol. 9. No. 4. P. 539–552.
Fischer-Tahir A., Naumann M. (eds.) (2013) Peripheralization. The Making of Spatial Dependencies and Social injustice. Wiesbaden: Springer VS.
French R. (1995) Plans, Pragmatism and People. The Legacy of Soviet Planning for today's Cities. London: UCL Press.
Gelman V. (2010) The Dynamics of Subnational Authoritarianism // Russian Politics & Law. Vol. 48. No. 2. P. 7–26.
Gelman V., Ryzhenkov S. (2011) Local Regimes, Sub-National Governance and the 'Power Vertical' in Contemporary Russia // Europe-Asia Studies. Vol. 63. No. 3. P. 449–465.
Gelman V. (2018) Bringing Actors back in: Political Choices and Sources of Post-Soviet Regime Dynamics // Post-Soviet Affairs. Vol. 34. No. 5. P. 282–296.
Golubchikov O. (2010) World-City-Entrepreneurialism: Globalist Imaginaries, Neoliberal Geographies, and the Production of New St Petersburg // Environment and Planning A. Vol. 42. No. 3. P. 626–643.
Golubchikov O., Badyina A., Makhrova A. (2014) The Hybrid Spatialities of Transition: Capitalism, Legacy and Uneven Urban Economic Restructuring//Urban Studies. Vol. 51. No. 4. P. 617–633.
Gordeev S. (2010) Interview with Sergey Gordeev: The Problems of Russian Cities are not Unique//Project
Russia. Vol. 56. No. 2. P. 63–68.
Gunko M., Medvedev A. (2018) Dull Place or Green Idyll: Local Identity and Migration Intentions of Small City Youth//Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie. Vol. 109. No. 5. P. 661–676.
Kalyukin A., Borén T., Eyerley A. (2015) The Second Generation of Post-Socialist Change: Gorky Park and Public Space in Moscow//Urban Geography. Vol. 36. No. 5. P. 674–695.
Kangas A. (2013) Governmentalities of Big Moscow: Particularising Neoliberal Statecraft//Geopolitics. Vol. 18. No. 2. P. 299–314.
KCAP (2012) Transforming the City. Perm Strategic Masterplan. Режим доступа: https://www.kcap.eu/en/projects/v/perm_strategic_masterplan/ (дата обращения: 17.02.2020)
Kinosian N. (2017a) State-Led Metropolitan in Russia//Urban Research & Practice. Vol. 10. No. 4. P. 466–476.
Kinosian N. (2017b) Re-Colonising the Arctic: The Preparation of Spatial Planning Policy in Murmansk Oblast, Russia//Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. Vol. 35. No. 2. P. 221–238.
Korobina I. (2008) City Development in Russia: What Do We Expect from the Authorities?//Project Russia. Vol. 49. No. 3. P. 106–109.
Kühn M. (2015) Peripheralization: theoretical Concepts Explaining Socio-Spatial Inequalities//European Planning Studies. Vol. 23. No. 2. P. 367–378.
Medvedkov Y., Medvedkov O. (2007) Upscale Housing in Post-Soviet Moscow and its Environs//The Post-Socialist City/K. Stanilov (ed.). Dodrecht: Springer. P. 245–265.
Molodikova I., Makhrova A. (2007) Urbanization Patterns in Russia in the Post-Soviet Era//The Post-Socialist City/K. Stanilov (ed.). Dodrecht: Springer. P. 53–70.
Muratov A. (2010a) Housing//Project Russia. Vol. 55. No. 1. P. 65–67.
Muratov A. (2010b) Perm //Project Russia. Vol. 56. No. 2. P. 57–59.
Muratov A. (2011) Grands Projets//Project Russia. Vol. 60. No. 2. P. 73–75.
Muratov A. (2012) Heritage//Project Russia. Vol. 65. No. 3. P. 81–83.
Nagy E., Timar J. (2017) The (Re-)Production of Peripherality in Central and Eastern Europe//European
Spatial Research and Policy. Vol. 24. No. 2. P. 5–16.
Peck J., Theodore N. (2010) Mobilizing Policy: Models, Methods and Mutations//Geoforum. Vol. 41. P. 169–174.
Peck J., Theodore N. (2015) Fast Policy: Experimental Statecraft At the Thresholds of Neoliberalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Pioser A. (2018) Narratives of Peripheralisation: Place, Agency and Generational Cohorts in Post-industrial Estonia//European Urban and Regional Studies. Vol. 25. No. 4. P. 391–404.
Poscopp – Research Group Production of Space in the Context of Polarisation and Peripheralisation (2015) Understanding New Geographies of Central and Eastern Europe//Understanding New Geographies of Central and
Eastern Europe: Socio-Spatial Polarization and Peripheralization in a Rapidly Changing Region/T. Lang, S. Henn,
E.Komelia, W.Sgibnev (eds.), Basingstoke: Palgrave. P. 1–24.
PR – Project Russia (1995) Round Table: Architecture in a Post-totalitarian Society//Project Russia. Vol. 1. No. 1. P. 6–12.
PR – Project Russia (2008) New Cities: pro et contra. a Questionnaire by PR//Project Russia. Vol. 48. No. 2. P. 90–101.
Revzin G. (1997) Negation as a Positive Program//Project Russia. Vol. 5. P. 73–75.
Revzin G. (1999) Interview with Yury Gnedovskiy//Project Russia. Vol. 13. P. 17–20.
Revzin G. (2000) City inside Out. Urban Renewal in Nizhni Novgorod//Project Russia. Vol. 17. P. 41–48.
Rose N. (1999) Power of Freedom. Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: University Press.
Sharafutdinova G. (2010) Subnational Governance in Russia: How Putin Changed the Contract with his Agents and Problems it Created for Medvedev//Publius. Vol. 40. No. 4. P. 672–696.
Sharafutdinova G. (2013) Gestalt Switch in Russian Federalism: The Decline in Regional Power under Putin//Comparative Politics. Vol. 45. No. 3. P. 357–376.
Shchukin A. (2014) Urban Block as Anti-mikrorajon//Project Russia. Vol. 73. No. 3. P. 136–139.
Stanilov K. (2007) Taking Stock of Post-Socialist Urban Development: a Recapitulation//The Post-Socialist City/K.
Stanilov (ed.). Dodrecht: Springer. P. 3–17.
Tatumashvili N. (2011) Alternative Street Block//Project Russia. Vol. 60. No. 2. P. 158–159.
Temenos C., McCann E. (2013) Geographies of Policy Mobilities//Geography Compass. Vol. 7. No. 5. P. 344–357.
Trubina E. (2015) Configuring Center-Periphery Relations: Relational Legacy in the Over-Centralised State//Journal of Architecture and Urbanism. Vol. 39. No. 1. P. 28–36.
Vendina O.I. (1997) Transformation Processes in Moscow and Intra-Urban Stratification of Population//Geojournal. Vol. 42. No. 4. P. 349–363.
Zupan D. (2015) Local Debates on 'Global' Planning Concepts: the 'Compact European City' Model in Postsocialist Russia – the Case of Perm'//Europa Regional. Vol. 22. No. 1–2. P. 39–52.
Zupan D., Büdenbender M. (2019) Moscow Urban Development. Neoliberal Urbanism and Green infrastructures//Postsocialist Urban infrastructures/T. Tuvikene, W. Sgibnev Neugebauer C. (eds.). London: Routledge. P. 125–141.
