Буллинг или грубая игра? О поисках безопасности в городской среде
Аннотация
«Грубая игра» — это принятый в этологии термин, обозначающий особый тип взаимодействия социальных животных (в том числе человека), а именно: игровое поведение, включающее элементы борьбы или псевдоагрессии. Будучи интенсивным игровым взаимодействием, грубая игра часто воспринимается [взрослыми] людьми как ребячество (или мальчишество) и ассоциируется с детством, хотя в действительности является важной частью жизни не только детей, но и подростков и взрослых. Грубые игры принимают разные формы и выполняют разные, порой противоположные функции, облегчая или усложняя коммуникацию, создавая ситуацию риска и обостряя внимание партнеров по игре к эмоциям и ощущениям друг друга. Однако как часть «детского мира», как нечто интимное, частное и не публичное, грубые игры редко обсуждаются в контексте вопросов об устройстве [взрослого] городского пространства. С другой стороны, в связи с тематикой городской среды все чаще и активнее обсуждается проблема буллинга — намеренного причинения вреда тем, кто не может себя защитить. Данная статья представляет из себя критический обзор зарубежных исследований грубой игры и буллинга и ориентирована на поиск оснований для междисциплинарной дискуссии о роли рискованных игр в жизни детей, подростков и взрослых, о различии грубых игр и буллинга и о присутствии детского и животного в городском пространстве. В статье рассматриваются различные подходы к концептуализации и исследованию рискованного поведения, обсуждаются вопросы о том, могут ли «сторонние наблюдатели» отличить буллинг от грубой игры и каким образом взрослые (воспитатели, педагоги, родители и пр.) могут воздействовать на условия и внутреннюю динамику псевдоагрессивного взаимодействия детей и подростков. Кроме того, обсуждается проблема безопасности среды (в том числе городской) в различных аспектах: от амбивалентности критериев опасности/безопасности до вопросов о том, как ощущение безопасности влияет на склонность людей к рискованному поведению. В результате проведенного аналитического обзора автор приходит к выводу о предпочтительности перехода от стратегии дисциплинарных запретов, вытеснения не только агрессии, но и любого интенсивного (в том числе игрового, псевдоагрессивного) взаимодействия людей из зоны нормативности к стратегии заинтересованного участия [взрослых] в создании «спокойной обстановки», позволяющей участникам грубых игр уделять достаточно внимания ощущениям друг друга и удерживаться в рамках формата взаимно приятного общения, не переводя псевдоагрессию в практику буллинга.
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