Relationships between Time Perspectives and Procrastination of Employees with Different Job Titles
Keywords:
time perspective, procrastination, structure of procrastination
Abstract
This paper describes the current state of the problem of time perspectives and the phenomenon of procrastination in professional activities. The paper is primarily focused on special aspects of time perspectives and procrastination of employees with different job titles. The paper contains an empirical study of the interrelation of time perspective and procrastination of employees with different job titles. The results show that top managers usually focus highly on future time perspectives (59.03) and the positive past (36.06). Their level of procrastination is lower (53.45). Groups of middle managers show high procrastination (57.2); they focus on hedonist present (24.6) and the negative past (31.26). The article proves a statistically significant level of distinctions of procrastination expressiveness on the entire sample (1211 at p≤.01). A connection between life-purpose orientation and time representation was established: the most effective life-purpose orientations for top management were ‘life goals’ (35.28), ‘locus control – life’ (32.7) and ‘sense of purpose of life’ (155.25); in the middle management group these facts are faintly expressed. Correlation analysis using the Spearman’s Rho allowed us to highlight a high level of procrastination in the middle management group determined by their orientation on time perspective of negative past against low focus on the future that complicates the success of professional activities. The regression analysis revealed the main predictors of procrastination in the groups of top managers (aims in life, process of life and locus control-ego) and middle managers (Fatalistic present and future). It may be assumed that personal time perspective and its time orientation are interconnected with procrastination processes and can be considered both negative and positive consequences that aligns with the results of the latest research examining procrastination in professional activities.
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References
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25. McGrath, J., & Kelly, J. (1986). Time and human interaction: Towards a social psychology of time. New York: Guilford Press.
26. Nestik, T. A. (2009). Videnie budushchego kak liderskaya kompetentslya i ego svyaz s vremennoi perspektivoi lichnosti [Vision of the future as a leadership competence and its connection with the time perspective of the individual]. In Psychological and pedagogical aspects of the formation of professional and social competence. International Scientific and Practical Conference (pp. 85-89). Ivanovo. (in Russian)
27. Nestik, T. A. (2011). Otnoshenie ko vremeni v malykh gruppakh i organizatsiyakh [Relation to time in small groups and organizations]. Moscow: Institute of Psychology of RAS. (in Russian)
28. Pavlova, T. A. (1988). Organizastiya vremeni zhizni kak komponent struktury lichnosti studenta [The organization of a life time as a component of the personality structure of students] (PhD dissertation). Moscow, Russian Federation. (in Russian)
29. Prokhorova, A. P. (2002). Russkaya modelupravleniya [Russian management model]. Moscow: CJSC "Journal of Expert". (in Russian)
30. Pychyl, T. A. (2000). Five days of emotion: an experience sampling study of undergraduate student procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 3-13.
31. Pychyl, T. A., & Flett, G. L. (2012). Procrastination and self-regulatory failure: an introduction to the special issue. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Terapy, 30(4), 203-212.
32. Rebetez, M. M. L., Rochat, L., & Van der Linden, M. (2005). Cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors related to procrastination: a cluster analytic approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 1-6.
33. Rubinstein, S. L. (2000). Osnovy obchei psikhologii [Fundamentals of general psychology]. Saint Petersburg: Piter. (in Russian)
34. Sircova, A., Sokolova, E. T., & Mitina, O. V. (2008). Adaptation of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Psikhologicheskii Zhurnal, 29(3), 101-109. (in Russian)
35. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94.
36. Steel, P. (2010). Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: do they exist? Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 926-934.
37. Varvaricheva, Ya. I. (2010). The procrastination phenomenon: Problems and prospects for research. Voprosy Psikhologii, 3, 121-131. (in Russian)
38. Vindeker, O. S., & Ostanina, M. V. (2014). Formalnyi i soderzhatelnyi analiz shkaly obshchei prokrastinatsii C.H. Lay (na primere studencheskoi vyborki) [Formal and substantial analysis of the General procrastination scale C. H. Lay (for example, student samples)]. Aktualnye Problemy Psikhologicheskogo Znaniya: Teoreticheskie i Prakticheskie Problemy Psikhologii, 1(30), 116-126. (in Russian)
39. Wilson, B. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (2012). Belonging to tomorrow: an overview of procrastination. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(1), 211-217.
40. Zaleski, Z. (1996). Future anxiety: concept measurement and preliminary research. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 165-174.
41. Zeigarnik, B. V. (1982). Teoriya lichnosti v zarubezhnoi psikhologii [Theories of personality in foreign psychology]. Moscow: Moscow University Press. (in Russian)
42. Zimbardo, P. G., & Boniwell, I. (2004). Balancing one's time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 162-180). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
43. Zimbardo, Ph. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1278.
44. Zimbardo, Ph., & Boyd, J. (2010). Paradoks vremeni. Novaya psikhologiya vremeni, kotoraya uluchshit vashu zhizn [The paradox of time is a new psychology of time, which will improve your life]. Saint Petersburg: Rech'. (in Russian; transl. of: Zimbardo, Ph., & Boyd, J. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Simon & Schuster.)
2. Barabanschikova, V. V., & Ivanova, S. A. (2016). Impact of organizational and personal factors on level of procrastination in employees of modern organization. Eksperimentalnaia Psikhologiya [Experimental Psychology], 9(1), 95-111. (in Russian)
3. Barabanshchikova, V. V., & Kaminskaya, E. O. (2013). Procrastination phenomenon in virtual project team members. Natsionalny Psikhologichy Zhurnal [National Psychological Journal], 2(10), 43-51. (in Russian)
4. Barabanshchikova, V. V., & Marusanova, G. I. (2015). Perspectives for research of the procrastination phenomenon in professional work. Natsionalny Psikhologichesky Zhurnal [National Psychological Journal], 4(20), 130-140. (in Russian)
5. Bennis, U., & Nanus, B. (2001). Lidery [Leaders]. Moscow: Sil'van. (in Russian)
6. Bluedorn, A. C., & Ferris, S. P. (2004). Temporal depth, age, and organizational performance. In C. F. Epstein & A. L. Kalleberg ( Eds.), Fighting for time: Shifting boundaries of work and social life (pp. 113-149). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
7. Bolotova, A. K. (2007). Chelovek i vremya v poznanii, deyatelnosti, obshchenii [Man and time in knowledge, activity, communication]. Moscow: The HSE Publishing House. (in Russian)
8. Bolotova, A. K., & Chevrenidi, A. A. (2017). Time modus of procrastination in retrospect: types, predictors and consequences. Kul'turno-Istoricheskaya Psikhologiya [Cultural-Historical Psychology], 13(4), 101-108. (in Russian)
9. Chernysheva, N. A. (2016). Procrastination: actual condition of the problem and prospect of studying. Vestnik Permskogo Gosudarstvennogo Gumanitarno-Pedagogicheskogo Universiteta. Seriya 1. Psikhologicheskie i Pedagogichheskie Nauki, 1, 17-26. (in Russian)
10. Choi, J. N., & Moran, S. V. (2009). Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale. Journal of Social Psychology, 149(2), 195-212.
11. Chu, A. H. C., & Choi, J. N. (2005). Rethinking procrastination: Positive effects of "active" procrastination behavior on attitudes and performance. The Journal of Social Psychology, 145(3), 245-264.
12. Crumbaugh, J. S., & Maholick, L. (1964) An experimental study in existentialism: The psychometric approach to Frankl's concept of noogenic neurosis. Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 200-207.
13. Das, T. K. (2004). Strategy and time: really recognizing the future. In H. Tsoukas & J. Shepherd (Eds.), Managing the future: Strategic foresight in the knowledge economy (pp. 58-74). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
14. Demeter, D. V., & Davis, S. E. (2013). Procrastination as a tool: exploring unconventional components of academic success. Creative Education, 4(7), 144-149.
15. Ferrari, J. R. (1990). Self-handicapping by procrastinators: Effects of performance privacy and task importance. Dissertation Abstracts International, 50(11-B), 5377.
16. Frank, L. K. (1939). Time perspectives. Journal of Social Philosophy, 4, 293-312.
17. Iliin, E. P. (2011). Rabota i lichnost. Trudogolizm, perfektsionizm, len [Work and personality. Workaholism, perfectionism, laziness]. Saint Petersburg: Piter. (in Russian)
18. Lay, C. H. (1986). At last, my research article on procrastination. Research on Personality, 20(4), 474-495.
19. Lee, D. (2013). Dierences in passive/active procrastination, happiness, and depression by the clusters of perfectionism in college students. Korea Journal of Counseling, 14(2), 857-875.
20. Lens, W. (1986). Future time perspective: a cognitive-motivational concept. In D. R. Brown & J. Veroff (Eds.), Frontiers of motivational psychology: Essays in honor of John W. Atkinson (pp. 173-190). New York: Springer-Verlag Publishing.
21. Leontiev, D. A. (2000). Test smysloszhiznennye orientatsii [Test Life Meaning Orientation]. Moscow: Smysl. (in Russian)
22. Leontiev, D. A. (2004). O vremeni: illiuziya otvetov [About time: the illusion of answers]. Ekzistentsialnaya Traditsiya: Filosofiya, Psikhologiya, Psikhoterapiya, 1(4), 113-118. (in Russian)
23. Lewin, K. (2001). Dinamicheskaya psikhologiya. Izbrannye trudy [Dynamic Psychology. Selected Papers]. Moscow: Smysl. (in Russian)
24. Marusanova, G. I., & Barabanshchikova, V. V. (2015). Osobennosti russkoyazuchnoi adaptastii oprosnika "Novaya shkala aktivnoi prokrastinatsii" [Peculiarities of the Russian-language adaptation of the questionnaire a New scale of active procrastination]. In Ot istokov k sovremennosti. Vserossiiskaya konferentsiya [From origins to contemporaneity: All-Russian conference] (pp. 34 -36). Moscow. (in Russian).
25. McGrath, J., & Kelly, J. (1986). Time and human interaction: Towards a social psychology of time. New York: Guilford Press.
26. Nestik, T. A. (2009). Videnie budushchego kak liderskaya kompetentslya i ego svyaz s vremennoi perspektivoi lichnosti [Vision of the future as a leadership competence and its connection with the time perspective of the individual]. In Psychological and pedagogical aspects of the formation of professional and social competence. International Scientific and Practical Conference (pp. 85-89). Ivanovo. (in Russian)
27. Nestik, T. A. (2011). Otnoshenie ko vremeni v malykh gruppakh i organizatsiyakh [Relation to time in small groups and organizations]. Moscow: Institute of Psychology of RAS. (in Russian)
28. Pavlova, T. A. (1988). Organizastiya vremeni zhizni kak komponent struktury lichnosti studenta [The organization of a life time as a component of the personality structure of students] (PhD dissertation). Moscow, Russian Federation. (in Russian)
29. Prokhorova, A. P. (2002). Russkaya modelupravleniya [Russian management model]. Moscow: CJSC "Journal of Expert". (in Russian)
30. Pychyl, T. A. (2000). Five days of emotion: an experience sampling study of undergraduate student procrastination. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 15(5), 3-13.
31. Pychyl, T. A., & Flett, G. L. (2012). Procrastination and self-regulatory failure: an introduction to the special issue. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive Behavior Terapy, 30(4), 203-212.
32. Rebetez, M. M. L., Rochat, L., & Van der Linden, M. (2005). Cognitive, emotional, and motivational factors related to procrastination: a cluster analytic approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 1-6.
33. Rubinstein, S. L. (2000). Osnovy obchei psikhologii [Fundamentals of general psychology]. Saint Petersburg: Piter. (in Russian)
34. Sircova, A., Sokolova, E. T., & Mitina, O. V. (2008). Adaptation of Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory. Psikhologicheskii Zhurnal, 29(3), 101-109. (in Russian)
35. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65-94.
36. Steel, P. (2010). Arousal, avoidant and decisional procrastinators: do they exist? Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 926-934.
37. Varvaricheva, Ya. I. (2010). The procrastination phenomenon: Problems and prospects for research. Voprosy Psikhologii, 3, 121-131. (in Russian)
38. Vindeker, O. S., & Ostanina, M. V. (2014). Formalnyi i soderzhatelnyi analiz shkaly obshchei prokrastinatsii C.H. Lay (na primere studencheskoi vyborki) [Formal and substantial analysis of the General procrastination scale C. H. Lay (for example, student samples)]. Aktualnye Problemy Psikhologicheskogo Znaniya: Teoreticheskie i Prakticheskie Problemy Psikhologii, 1(30), 116-126. (in Russian)
39. Wilson, B. A., & Nguyen, T. D. (2012). Belonging to tomorrow: an overview of procrastination. International Journal of Psychological Studies, 4(1), 211-217.
40. Zaleski, Z. (1996). Future anxiety: concept measurement and preliminary research. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 165-174.
41. Zeigarnik, B. V. (1982). Teoriya lichnosti v zarubezhnoi psikhologii [Theories of personality in foreign psychology]. Moscow: Moscow University Press. (in Russian)
42. Zimbardo, P. G., & Boniwell, I. (2004). Balancing one's time perspective in pursuit of optimal functioning. In P. A. Linley & S. Joseph (Eds.), Positive psychology in practice (pp. 162-180). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
43. Zimbardo, Ph. G., & Boyd, J. N. (1999). Putting time in perspective: a valid, reliable individual differences metric. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(6), 1271-1278.
44. Zimbardo, Ph., & Boyd, J. (2010). Paradoks vremeni. Novaya psikhologiya vremeni, kotoraya uluchshit vashu zhizn [The paradox of time is a new psychology of time, which will improve your life]. Saint Petersburg: Rech'. (in Russian; transl. of: Zimbardo, Ph., & Boyd, J. (2008). The time paradox: The new psychology of time that will change your life. New York: Simon & Schuster.)
Published
2018-11-08
How to Cite
ЧевренидиА. А., & БолотоваА. К. (2018). Relationships between Time Perspectives and Procrastination of Employees with Different Job Titles. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 15(3), 573-589. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2018-3-573-589
Issue
Section
Work in Progress
