The Relationship between Self-Assessed Intelligence and Self-Assessed Personality, Tolerance of Uncertainty and the Dark Triad Traits in Managers
Keywords:
self-assessment of intelligence, self-assessment of personality, Dark Triad, narcissism, psychopathy, Machiavellianism, tolerance for uncertainty
Abstract
In this study we present the empirical results on the evaluation of relationships between three personality traits — subclinical narcissism, subclinical psychopathy and Machiavellianism, — collaboratively known as the Dark Triad, with tolerance of uncertainty and direct self-assessments of intelligence and personality. A group of Russian adults in managerial positions were tested: we measured levels of personality features via questionnaires and asked participants to estimate their IQ scores using a normal distribution graph, and, in a similar manner, to evaluate the location for their personality on a polar graph of “bad” and “good” in two conditions: (1) at the moment and (2) if circumstances were different. We found that the higher managers rated their intelligence, the “better” they estimated their personalities to be. Also, tolerant to uncertainty managers considered their IQ to be higher and their personalities, both at the moment and if circumstances were to change, to be “better”. Finally, managers with higher levels of narcissism and Machiavellianism rated their intelligence and personality higher, while those with lower levels of subclinical psychopathy tended to assume that their personality could be “better” under different circumstances. Cognitive and personality components of self-regulation and self-awareness may be regarded as a complex and multi-dimensional area for further research, as, among other factors, self-assessment serves as a direct and indirect association between the widely regarded positive personality features (tolerance of uncertainty) and the Dark Triad traits.Downloads
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References
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29. Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 1571-1582.
30. Leontiev, A. N. (1975). Deyatel’nost’. Soznanie. Lichnost’ [Activity. Consciousness. Personality]. Moscow: Politizdat.
31. Molchanova, O. N. (2010). Samootsenka. Teoreticheskie problemy i empiricheskie issledovaniya [Self-evaluation. Theoretical issues and empirical research]. Moscow: Flinta.
32. Novikova, M. A., & Kornilova, T. V. (2013). Self-assessed intelligence, psychometric intelligence, personality and academic achievement: Two structural models. In M. Gowda, & A.Khanderia (Eds.), Educational achievement: Teaching strategies, psychological factors and economic impact (pp.197-212). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
33. Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 6, 556-563.
34. Pomerantz, E. M., & Ruble, D. N. (1997). Distinguishing multiple dimensions of conceptions of ability: Implications for self evaluation. Child Development, 6, 1165-1180.
35. Reichard, R. J., Riggio, R. E., Guerin, D. W., Oliver, P. H., Gottfried, A. W., & Gottfried, A. E. (2011). A longitudinal analysis of relationships between adolescent personality and intelligence with adult leader emergence and transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 471-481.
36. Resick, C. J., Whitman, D. S., Weingarden, S. M., & Hiller, N. J. (2009). The bright-side and the darkside of CEO personality: examining core self-evaluations, narcissism, transformational leadership, and strategic influence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1365.
37. Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind. Oxford: Basic Books.
38. Sokolova, E. T. (2009). Nartsissizm kak klinicheskii i sotsiokul’turnyi fenomen [Narcissism as a clinical and socio-cultural phenomenon]. Voprosy Psikhologii, 1, 67-80.
39. Sokolova, E. T. (2014). Utrata Ja: klinika ili novaja kul’turnaja norma? [The loss of self: a clinical phenomenon or a new cultural norm?] Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, 3(40), 191-209.
40. Stolin, V. V. (1983). Samosoznanie lichnosti [Self-awareness of the personality]. Moscow: Moscow University Press.
41. Tikhomirov, O. K. (1984). Psikhologiya myshleniya [Psychology of thought]. Moscow: Moscow University Press.
42. Vygotsky, L. S. (1934). Myshlenie i rech’ [Thinking and speech]. Moscow, Leningrad: Uchpedgiz.
43. Zeigarnik, B. V. (1986). Patopsikhologiya [Pathopsychology]. Moscow: Ripol Klassik.
44. Znakov, V. V. (2002). Makkiavelizm, manipulyativnoe povedenie i vzaimoponimanie v mezhlichnostnom obshchenii [Machiavellianism, manipulative behavior and rapport in interpersonal communication]. Voprosy Psikhologii, 6, 45-54.
2. Beyer, S. (1999). Gender differences in the accuracy of grade expectancies and evaluations. Sex Roles, 41(3-4), 279-296.
3. Book, A., Visser, B. A., & Volk, A. A. (2015). Unpacking “evil”: Claiming the core of the Dark Triad. Personality and Individual Differences, 73, 29-38.
4. Borozdina, L. V. (2011). Sushchnost’ samootsenki i ee sootnoshenie s Ya-kontseptsiei [The essence of selfevaluation and its relationship with self-concept]. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya, 1, 54-65.
5. Burke, C. J., & Tobler, P. N. (2011). Reward skewness coding in the insula independent of probability and loss. Journal of Neurophysiology, 106(5), 2415-2422.
6. Cavazotte, F., Moreno, V., & Hickmann, M. (2012). Effects of leader intelligence, personality and emotional intelligence on transformational leadership and managerial performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 443-455.
7. Chamorro Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2006). Self-assessed intelligence and academic performance. Educational Psychology, 26, 769-779.
8. Chatterjee, A., & Hambrick, D. C. (2007). It’s all about me: Narcissistic chief executive officers and their effects on company strategy and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 3, 351-386.
9. Den Hartog, D. N., & Belschak, F. D. (2012). Work engagement and Machiavellianism in the ethical leadership process. Journal of Business Ethics, 107(1), 35-47
10. Egorova, M. S., Sitnikova, M. A., & Parshikova, O. V. (2015). Adaptatsiya Korotkogo oprosnika Temnoi triady [The adaptation of the short version of the Dark Triad questionnaire]. Psikhologicheskie Issledovaniya, 8(43), 1. Retrieved from http://psystudy.ru
11. Furnham, A. (1994). A content, correlational and factor analytic study of four tolerance of ambiguity questionnaires. Personality and Individual Differences, 3, 403-410.
12. Furnham, A. (2001). Self-estimates of intelligence: Culture and gender difference in self and other estimates of both general (g) and multiple intelligences. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 1381-1405.
13. Furnham, A., Richards, S.C., & Paulhus, D. L. (2013). The Dark Triad of personality: A 10 year review. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3, 199-216.
14. Hare, R. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. New York: Guilford Press.
15. Hare, R. D., & Vertommen, H. (1991). The Hare psychopathy checklist-revised. North Tonawanda:, NY: Multi-Health Systems, Incorporated.
16. Jonason, P. K., & Webster, G. D. (2010). The dirty dozen: a concise measure of the dark triad. Psychological Assessment, 2, 420.
17. Judge, T. A., Colbert, A. E., & Ilies, R. (2004). Intelligence and leadership: a quantitative review and test of theoretical propositions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(3), 542.
18. Khoo, H. S., & Burch, G. S. J. (2008). The “dark side”of leadership personality and transformational leadership: An exploratory study. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(1), 86-97.
19. Kornilova, T. V. (2010a). Novyi oprosnik tolerantnosti k neopredelennosti [The new questionnaire for tolerance of uncertainty]. Psikhologicheskii Zhurnal, 31(1), 74-86.
20. Kornilova, T. V. (2010b). Printsip neopredelennosti v psikhologii: osnovaniya i problem [The principle of uncertainty in psychology: basis and issues]. Psikhologicheskie Issledovaniya, 3, 11. Retrieved from http://psystudy.ru
21. Kornilova, T. V. (2011). Dinamicheskoe funkcionirovanie intellektual’no-lichnostnogo potenciala cheloveka v psihologicheskoj reguljacii reshenij i vyborov [Dynamic functioning of human intellectual-personality potential in psychological regulation of decisions and choices]. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologia, 1, 66-78.
22. Kornilova, T. V. (2015). The principle of uncertainty in psychology of choice and risk. Psikhologicheskie Issledovaniya, 8(40), 3. Retrieved from http://psystudy.ru
23. Kornilova, T. V. (2016). Intellektual’no-lichnostnyi npotentsial cheloveka v usloviyakh neopredelennosti i riska[The individual’s intellectual and personality potential in uncertain and risky conditions]. Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya.
24. Kornilova, T. V., Chumakova, M. A., Kornilov, S. A., & Novikova, M. A. (2010). Psikhologia neopredelennosti: edinstvo intellektualno-lichnostnogo potenziala cheloveka[Uncertainty psychology: the unity of an individual’s intellectual and personality potential]. Moscow: Smysl.
25. Kornilova, T. V., Kornilov, S. A., Chumakova, M. A., & Talmach, M. S. (2015). Metodika diagnostiki lichnostnykh chert “temnoi triady”: aprobatsiya oprosnika “Temnaya Dyuzhina” [Diagnostic method for the Dark Triad personality traits: the Dark Dozen Questionnaire approbation]. Psikhologicheskii Zhurnal, 36(2), 99-112.
26. Kornilova, T. V., & Novikova M. A. (2012). Self-assessed intelligence, personality, and psychometric intelligence: Preliminary validation of a model with a selected student population. In Yu. P. Zinchenko, V. F. Petrenko (Eds.), Psychology in Russia: State of the Art. Scientific Yearbook (Vol. 5, pp.33-49). Moscow: Moscow University Press; Russian Psychological Society.
27. Kowalski, R. M. (Ed.). (2001). Behaving badly: Aversive behaviors in interpersonal relationships.Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
28. Krasavtseva, Y. V., & Kornilova, T. V. (2016). Svojstva temnoj triady v reguljacii strategij prinjatija reshenij (na materiale igrovoj zadachi ajova - IGT) [The Dark Triad traits in the regulation of decision-making strategies]. Vestnik MGOU, 2, 22-33.
29. Lee, K., & Ashton, M. C. (2005). Psychopathy, Machiavellianism, and narcissism in the Five-Factor Model and the HEXACO model of personality structure. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 1571-1582.
30. Leontiev, A. N. (1975). Deyatel’nost’. Soznanie. Lichnost’ [Activity. Consciousness. Personality]. Moscow: Politizdat.
31. Molchanova, O. N. (2010). Samootsenka. Teoreticheskie problemy i empiricheskie issledovaniya [Self-evaluation. Theoretical issues and empirical research]. Moscow: Flinta.
32. Novikova, M. A., & Kornilova, T. V. (2013). Self-assessed intelligence, psychometric intelligence, personality and academic achievement: Two structural models. In M. Gowda, & A.Khanderia (Eds.), Educational achievement: Teaching strategies, psychological factors and economic impact (pp.197-212). New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
33. Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2002). The dark triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 6, 556-563.
34. Pomerantz, E. M., & Ruble, D. N. (1997). Distinguishing multiple dimensions of conceptions of ability: Implications for self evaluation. Child Development, 6, 1165-1180.
35. Reichard, R. J., Riggio, R. E., Guerin, D. W., Oliver, P. H., Gottfried, A. W., & Gottfried, A. E. (2011). A longitudinal analysis of relationships between adolescent personality and intelligence with adult leader emergence and transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(3), 471-481.
36. Resick, C. J., Whitman, D. S., Weingarden, S. M., & Hiller, N. J. (2009). The bright-side and the darkside of CEO personality: examining core self-evaluations, narcissism, transformational leadership, and strategic influence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1365.
37. Rokeach, M. (1960). The open and closed mind. Oxford: Basic Books.
38. Sokolova, E. T. (2009). Nartsissizm kak klinicheskii i sotsiokul’turnyi fenomen [Narcissism as a clinical and socio-cultural phenomenon]. Voprosy Psikhologii, 1, 67-80.
39. Sokolova, E. T. (2014). Utrata Ja: klinika ili novaja kul’turnaja norma? [The loss of self: a clinical phenomenon or a new cultural norm?] Epistemology and Philosophy of Science, 3(40), 191-209.
40. Stolin, V. V. (1983). Samosoznanie lichnosti [Self-awareness of the personality]. Moscow: Moscow University Press.
41. Tikhomirov, O. K. (1984). Psikhologiya myshleniya [Psychology of thought]. Moscow: Moscow University Press.
42. Vygotsky, L. S. (1934). Myshlenie i rech’ [Thinking and speech]. Moscow, Leningrad: Uchpedgiz.
43. Zeigarnik, B. V. (1986). Patopsikhologiya [Pathopsychology]. Moscow: Ripol Klassik.
44. Znakov, V. V. (2002). Makkiavelizm, manipulyativnoe povedenie i vzaimoponimanie v mezhlichnostnom obshchenii [Machiavellianism, manipulative behavior and rapport in interpersonal communication]. Voprosy Psikhologii, 6, 45-54.
Published
2018-11-05
How to Cite
КрасавцеваЮ. В. (2018). The Relationship between Self-Assessed Intelligence and Self-Assessed Personality, Tolerance of Uncertainty and the Dark Triad Traits in Managers. Psychology. Journal of the Higher School of Economics, 15(1), 54-68. https://doi.org/10.17323/1813-8918-2018-1-54-68
Issue
Section
The Decision Making Personality
